manual medicine

* osteopathy(D.O.): manipulation, mobilization, MET, MFR, craniosacral technique  

  - 의사이지만 투약을 싫어하고 자연적인 치료를 신봉하던 Andrew T. Still(1828 ~ 1917)에

    의해 1874년에 시작되고 1892년 Kirksville, Missouri에 처음  대학이 설립 됨.

* manual therapy(M.D., PT) : manipulation(Maigne, Cyriax, Mckenzie, Mulligan), mobilization

  MET, MFR, craniosacral technique

  -

* chiropractic(D.C.) : adjust, mobilization

  - 자기치료가(magnetic healer)이던 David D. Palmer(1845 ~ 1913)가 하인(?)의 deafness를

    thoracic manipulation으로 치료후 시작되었으며 1895년 Davenport, Iowa에 처음 대학이 설립 됨.

  - "chiroparactic is the study of problems of health and disease from structural point

     of view with special consideration given to spinal mechanics and neurological relations"

     presenting the hypothesis that :

     a. disease may be caused or aggravated by disturbannce of the nervous system and balance.

     b. disturbannce of the nervous system may be caused by derangements of the musculoskeletal

         structures.

1. rationale

  : Proposed mechanism of action of manipulative therapy

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  * Restore vertebrae to normal position                                  Galen        1958

  * Straighten the spine                                                           Pare         1958

  * Relieve interference with blood flow                                     Still         1899

  * Relieve nerve compression                                                 Palmer      1910

  * Relieve of irritation of sympathetic chain                      Kunert       1965 

  * Mobilize fixated vetebral unit                                         Gillet        1968

  * Shift of a fragment of intervertebral disc                      Cyriax       1975

  * Mobilze posterior joint                                                   Mennnell     1960

  * Remove interference with cerebrospinal fluid circulation         De Jarnette   1967

  * Stretch contracted muscles causing relaxation           Pert         1975

  * Correct abnormal somatovisceral reflexs                             Homewood   1963

  * Remove irritable spinal lesion                                               Korr         1976

  * Stretching or tearing of adhesions around the nerve root      Chrisman     1964

  * Reduce distortion of the annulae                                         Farfan        1973